Brachycephalic breeds such as Pekingese, English Bulldog, and Shih Tzu, can suffer eye problems, dental problems, respiratory problems, and heatstroke.
Dogs with ‘pushed in’ faces are called brachycephalic. Brachy means short. Cephalic means head. Perhaps these dogs are attractive to humans because they look more human. But in achieving this look, breeders have brought about some physical compromises that owners should be aware of.
Eye Problems
The pushed in faces of these breeds cause the eye sockets to be shallow which gives the dog that cute bug eyed look. However the slightest blow to the head or even the pressure from pulling on a collar and leash can cause the eyeball to pop out, requiring surgical replacement. Halters, rather than collars, are recommended for brachycephalic breeds.
In some cases, the eyes are so bulging that the lid cannot close completely, which can excessively dry the eye. If the dog sleeps with his eyes partially open, this may need to be surgically corrected.
In some dogs, the shape of the eyelid interferes with normal tear drainage. This does not present a problem other than constant wetness around the eye. If the lid turns inward so the lashes rub on the eyeball, surgery may be needed to correct this.
Dental Problems
Brachycephalic breeds have 42 teeth just as other dogs do except that their mouth is not as big to accommodate them. The crowded and angled teeth easily trap food particles which leads to periodontal disease sooner than in other dogs. Strict dental hygiene is necessary to postpone veterinary cleanings under anesthesia for as long as possible.
Skin Problems
The facial wrinkles and folds of these breeds leave them susceptible to skin infections. These areas must be inspected often and kept clean.
Whelping
The broad heads of brachycephalic breeds often make the birthing process difficult. Commonly, Caesarean sections are necessary, requiring the additional risks of anesthesia.
Respiratory Problems
Brachycephalic breeds have small nasal passages which, in some cases, must be surgically corrected.
The dog may have a narrowed windpipe which can mean greater risks with anesthesia. Veterinarians take special precautions before and during surgery to minimize these risks.
The mouth of the brachycephalic breed is not big enough to accommodate all the tissues which pushes the soft palate into the back of the throat. It may flap with each breath and this is what causes the snorting, snoring sounds these dogs make. Occasionally excessive barking and panting causes swelling in the throat which creates even more problems.
Greater Risk of Heatstroke
Brachycephalic dogs are at greater risk of heatstroke than other dogs. Canines cool their body by panting and circulating air quickly across the tongue. With the respiratory impairments of the brachycephalic breeds, breathing and panting may not move sufficient air through the passages for cooling. If the dog also happens to be overweight and of a dark color, the risk is multiplied.
